Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

13.3K
Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
13.3K
Pulmonary Function Tests01:25

Pulmonary Function Tests

812
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
PFTs involve using a spirometer, a...
812
Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests01:24

Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests

435
Renal function tests are crucial for assessing kidney health, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating the kidneys' efficiency in waste elimination, fluid balance, and electrolyte regulation. These tests offer critical insights into kidney function, even though routine measurements may appear normal until there is a significant decline in the glomerular filtration rate or GFR. Typically, signs of kidney impairment only become evident when the GFR falls to about 50% of its normal level.
435
Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

526
Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
526
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

9.4K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
9.4K
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

1.3K
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
1.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Identifying prospective temperament predictors of callous-unemotional traits using machine learning.

European child & adolescent psychiatry·2026
Same author

Predictive Relations Between Early Adversity, Nonlinear Trajectories of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Functioning, and Later Callous-Unemotional Traits.

Child psychiatry and human development·2026
Same author

Using Machine Learning to Identify Infant and Child Environmental and Biological Predictors of Callous-Unemotional Traits.

Research on child and adolescent psychopathology·2026
Same author

The interplay between family routines and aggressive parenting in predicting externalizing problems during the transition to primary school.

Developmental psychology·2026
Same author

Exploring the role of classroom quality and student-teacher relationship in the executive function and academic performance of first grade children.

Journal of experimental child psychology·2026
Same author

Early life trajectories of head circumference predict executive function and fluid cognitive skills at age 4 in Kenya.

Journal of developmental origins of health and disease·2025
Same journal

The frequency of childhood gender-nonconforming behavior in a nationally representative sample.

Developmental psychology·2026
Same journal

Linking childhood adversity and daily hassles to adolescent sleep behaviors: Diurnal cortisol as a mediating pathway.

Developmental psychology·2026
Same journal

Infants' expectations about caregivers' comforting behavior and associations with maternal depressive symptoms at 6, 9, and 12 months.

Developmental psychology·2026
Same journal

Nonsymbolic ratio and fraction magnitude processing predict fraction knowledge in early grades.

Developmental psychology·2026
Same journal

The growing influence of the parental monitoring-peer affiliation pathway in early adolescence.

Developmental psychology·2026
Same journal

Employing a cohort-sequential design spanning 30 years to understand trajectories of maturity fears.

Developmental psychology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke
05:21

Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke

Published on: January 7, 2019

6.3K

Testing longitudinal associations between executive function and academic achievement.

Michael T Willoughby1, Amanda C Wylie1, Michael H Little2

  • 1RTI International.

Developmental Psychology
|December 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

While executive function (EF) skills correlate with academic achievement, improving EF skills may not directly boost academic performance. Early reading achievement, however, consistently influences later EF skills in children.

More Related Videos

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae
09:22

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Published on: February 18, 2013

19.7K
An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations
10:17

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations

Published on: November 3, 2010

23.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke
05:21

Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke

Published on: January 7, 2019

6.3K
Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae
09:22

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Published on: February 18, 2013

19.7K
An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations
10:17

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations

Published on: November 3, 2010

23.4K

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Executive function (EF) skills, including working memory and cognitive flexibility, are consistently linked to academic achievement in children.
  • The causal relationship between improving EF skills and subsequent academic gains remains unclear, necessitating further investigation beyond correlational studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the within-person and between-person associations between executive function (EF) skills and academic achievement (math and reading) in a large cohort of children.
  • To determine if improvements in EF skills lead to corresponding improvements in academic performance.
  • To examine the directionality of the relationship, particularly whether academic achievement influences EF skills.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 6,040 children in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten (ECLS-K:2011) cohort.
  • Employed latent growth curve models with structured residuals to analyze between- and within-person associations.
  • Examined two dimensions of EF (working memory, cognitive flexibility) and two academic domains (math, reading).

Main Results:

  • Large between-person associations were found between EF skills and academic achievement (φ = .55-.91).
  • Within-person associations between EF and academic achievement were small (βs = -.10-.25).
  • Earlier reading achievement was consistently associated with later EF skills within individuals.

Conclusions:

  • The strong between-person correlations suggest that children with typically higher EF also tend to have higher academic achievement.
  • The weak within-person effects indicate that individual improvements in EF may not directly translate to academic gains.
  • The findings suggest that academic experiences, particularly in reading, may play a role in shaping EF development, challenging the notion that EF interventions alone are sufficient for academic improvement.