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Related Concept Videos

Clearance Models: Physiological Models01:09

Clearance Models: Physiological Models

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Drug clearance is a critical pharmacokinetic process involving the irreversible removal of drugs from the body through various organs over a specified time period. Physiological models are indispensable in determining organ-specific clearance, defined by the proportion of the drug eliminated per unit of time from the organ's blood volume.
The organ's clearance rate depends on the blood flow to the organ and the extraction ratio (E). The extraction ratio describes the organ's...
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Physiological Models01:15

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Physiological Models

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Physiological models in pharmacokinetics are instrumental in understanding the distribution and elimination of drugs within the body. These models describe the drug concentration within target organs, influenced by factors such as drug uptake, tissue volume, and blood flow. Drug uptake is governed by the partition coefficient, which signifies the drug concentration ratio in tissue to that in the blood. The blood flow rate to a specific tissue is expressed as Qt, and the rate of change in tissue...
274
Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Assumption with Protein Binding01:13

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Assumption with Protein Binding

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Physiological models with protein binding in pharmacokinetics offer a sophisticated approach to understanding drug disposition. These models consider drug-protein interactions, enabling them to effectively predict drug concentrations in different organs and tissues. This precision aids in accurate drug dosing, providing a significant advantage over conventional models. A key process within these models is equilibration, which ensures that drug concentrations achieve a steady state within the...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Primary Cell-Derived Intestinal Models: Recapitulating Physiology.

Johanna S Dutton1, Samuel S Hinman2, Raehyun Kim1

  • 1Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Trends in Biotechnology
|December 29, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Physiologically relevant intestinal models using primary cells and engineering methods are advancing our understanding of gut health and diseases like inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.

Keywords:
in vitro modelsintestinemonolayersorgan-on-chipsorganoidsstem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Regenerative Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Microbiome Research

Background:

  • Primary cell-culture advancements enable recapitulation of intestinal physiology.
  • Engineering methods enhance the sophistication of intestinal models.
  • These models are crucial for studying host-microbiome interactions and intestinal diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in primary cell-derived intestinal models.
  • To discuss the application of these models in understanding intestinal physiology and disease.
  • To explore future directions in the development of intestinal models.

Main Methods:

  • Development and utilization of primary cell-derived intestinal models.
  • Incorporation of engineering techniques such as chemical gradients and physical forces.
  • Analysis of various model systems including monolayers, organoids, microengineered platforms, and macrostructured systems.

Main Results:

  • Sophisticated intestinal models have been successfully developed.
  • These models enhance the understanding of the host microbiome's impact on human physiology.
  • Progress has been made in modeling intestinal diseases like inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Primary cell-derived intestinal models are powerful tools for biomedical research.
  • Continued advancements in engineering and cell culture will further refine these models.
  • The field is expected to yield deeper insights into gut health and disease pathogenesis.