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Related Concept Videos

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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pH Scale02:41

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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

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A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
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Free Energy and Equilibrium02:56

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The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the process in the forward direction, while a positive value represents a driving force for the process in the reverse direction. When ΔGrxn is zero, the forward and reverse driving forces are equal, and the process occurs in both directions at the same rate (the system is at equilibrium).
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Calculating the Equilibrium Constant02:46

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The equilibrium constant for a reaction is calculated from the equilibrium concentrations (or pressures) of its reactants and products. If these concentrations are known, the calculation simply involves their substitution into the Kc expression.
For example, gaseous nitrogen dioxide forms dinitrogen tetroxide according to this equation:
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Numerical Calculations01:24

Numerical Calculations

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In engineering applications, the representation of the numerical value is critical. Presenting or reporting the answer is one of the essential parts of engineering practices. Numerical calculations are performed using handheld calculators or computers since numerically accurate answers are always preferred.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Reservoir Condition Pore-scale Imaging of Multiple Fluid Phases Using X-ray Microtomography
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Numerically accelerated pore-scale equilibrium dissolution.

Janez Perko1, Diederik Jacques1

  • 1Belgian Nuclear research Centre SCK CEN, Institute for Environment Health and Safety, Engineered and Geosystems Analysis, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
|December 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a buffering number to optimize reactive transport models for dissolution processes. It enables significant reductions in simulation time for solid phases with high buffering capacity.

Keywords:
AccelerationDissolutionEquilibrium chemistryPore-scale modelling

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Computational Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Pore-scale reactive transport models offer insights into coupled chemical-physical-transport processes during dissolution.
  • Simulating dissolution, especially with high solid phase buffering, often demands extensive computational time due to numerous time steps.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the interaction between solid buffering and transport phenomena in dissolution processes.
  • To develop an approach for reducing the number of time steps required for simulating equilibrium dissolution.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of a dimensionless 'buffering number' to identify conditions for time reduction.
  • Analysis of the steady-state condition where the concentration field around solids becomes time-invariant.
  • Validation through illustrative examples and application to cementitious systems.

Main Results:

  • A critical buffering number threshold was identified below which physical time can be reduced without compromising result accuracy.
  • Calculation time can be decreased by altering solid mass or increasing equilibrium concentration (solubility).
  • A 50-fold reduction in calculation time was achieved for calcium leaching in cementitious systems with negligible error.

Conclusions:

  • The buffering number effectively predicts when computational time in dissolution simulations can be reduced.
  • The proposed method offers a significant computational advantage for simulating high-buffering systems.
  • This approach enhances the efficiency of modeling geochemical and material degradation processes.