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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System II:Types of Echocardiography01:20

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System II:Types of Echocardiography

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Echocardiography plays a role in assessing cardiac health and detecting heart conditions, with various types providing critical insights for diagnosis and treatment.
Types of Echocardiography
Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE)
TTE is the most common type of echocardiogram which involves placing a transducer on the patient's chest, emitting sound waves to create heart images. TTE is invaluable for evaluating the heart's size, structure, and motion, making it particularly useful for...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Introduction to z Scores01:06

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A z score (or standardized value) is measured in units of the standard deviation. It tells you how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a zero z score. It is important to note that the mean of the z scores is zero, and the standard deviation is one.
z scores...
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Introduction to z Scores01:05

Introduction to z Scores

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A z score (or standardized value) is measured in units of the standard deviation. It indicates how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a zero z score. It is important to note that the mean of the z scores is zero, and the standard deviation is one.
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z scores are the standardized values obtained after converting a normal distribution into a standard normal distribution. A z score is measured in units of the standard deviation. The z score tells you how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a z score of...
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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Murine Fetal Echocardiography
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Quantile Score: A New Reference System for Quantitative Fetal Echocardiography Based on a Large Multicenter Study.

Xiaoyan Gu1, Haogang Zhu2, Ye Zhang1

  • 1Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography
|December 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

New fetal echocardiography methods improve diagnosis of heart conditions. The quantile score (q score) offers a more accurate reference for prenatal assessment than traditional Z scores.

Keywords:
Fetal echocardiographyQuantile scoreZ score

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Prenatal Diagnosis
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Normative ranges for fetal echocardiography are crucial for diagnosing fetal cardiovascular disease.
  • Current ranges rely on small samples and assume normal distribution, potentially limiting accuracy.
  • This study addresses limitations in current fetal echocardiographic measurement standards.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the normal distribution hypothesis for fetal echocardiographic measurements in a large cohort.
  • To develop an improved reference system using quantile regression, bypassing the normal distribution assumption.
  • To enhance the accuracy of fetal echocardiographic measurements for better diagnostic capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed 52 variables from 6,343 normal fetal echocardiographic exams across seven centers.
  • Tested the normal distribution hypothesis using the Jarque-Bera test.
  • Compared quantile regression-derived scores (q scores) with ordinary least squares regression-derived Z scores for diagnostic accuracy.

Main Results:

  • All fetal echocardiographic measurements exhibited non-normal distributions (P < .001).
  • Ordinary least squares regression underestimated normal ranges by 30 ± 11% compared to quantile regression.
  • The q score demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy (AUC 0.62 vs. 0.50 for Z score at 20% FPR).

Conclusions:

  • The quantile score (q score) offers a more robust system for establishing normative ranges in fetal echocardiography.
  • The q score enhances sensitivity at matched false-positive rates, improving prenatal diagnosis and prognosis.
  • This new system provides a more accurate reference for assessing fetal cardiovascular health.