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Related Concept Videos

Protein Families02:47

Protein Families

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Protein families are groups of homologous proteins; that is, they have similarities in amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures. Protein families usually occur because of gene duplication, where an additional copy of a gene is inserted into the genome of an organism.   Mutations that change the amino acids but still allow the protein to be properly synthesized, will lead to new protein family members.   If these new proteins contain similar amino acids in key...
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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology
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Family matters.

Mark L Mayer1, Timothy Jegla2,3

  • 1National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States.

Elife
|December 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Animal genome data is prompting new questions about the evolutionary origins of glutamate receptors. Understanding these receptors is key to neuroscience research.

Keywords:
amphoxiusevolutionevolutionary biologyglutamate familiesionotropic glutamate receptorsneurosciencephylogenetics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Glutamate receptors are crucial neurotransmitter receptors in the brain.
  • Their evolutionary history across diverse animal species is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary origins of glutamate receptors using comparative genomics.
  • To explore the diversification of glutamate receptor genes across the animal kingdom.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of glutamate receptor genes.
  • Phylogenetic reconstruction of receptor evolution.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of genome sequence data from various animal taxa.

Main Results:

  • Identification of conserved and divergent glutamate receptor gene families.
  • Insights into the ancestral state and early evolution of these receptors.
  • Evidence for gene duplication and functional diversification events.

Conclusions:

  • Comparative genomics provides a powerful framework for studying the evolution of essential neuronal proteins.
  • The findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis of neurotransmission across species.