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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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Paediatric postdischarge mortality in developing countries: a systematic review.

Brooklyn Nemetchek1, Lacey English2, Niranjan Kissoon3,4

  • 1College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

BMJ Open
|December 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paediatric postdischarge mortality (PDM) in developing countries is a significant issue, with rates often matching in-hospital deaths. Most child deaths occur at home, highlighting the need for targeted interventions before discharge.

Keywords:
developing countriesglobal healthpedatricspostdischarge mortalitysystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Global Health
  • Paediatric Medicine
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Postdischarge mortality (PDM) in children from developing countries is a critical yet under-addressed global health challenge.
  • Existing evidence on PDM risk factors, timing, and location requires regular updating to inform effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated evidence base on paediatric postdischarge mortality (PDM) in developing countries.
  • To evaluate key risk factors, the timing, and the location of PDM events.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was conducted, synthesizing data from 24 eligible studies published up to July 2017.
  • Studies were primarily from African nations and included diverse paediatric subpopulations such as those with malnutrition, respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases.

Main Results:

  • PDM rates were found to be comparable to or exceed in-hospital mortality rates.
  • Children with malnutrition and respiratory infections exhibited the highest PDM rates (3%-20%), while those with anemia and malaria had lower rates (1%-2%).
  • Over two-thirds of postdischarge deaths occurred at home, with significant risk factors including HIV status, young age, pneumonia, and malnutrition.

Conclusions:

  • Postdischarge mortality represents a substantial burden, often occurring at home, underscoring the need for pre-discharge interventions.
  • Developing evidence-based, risk-guided interventions is crucial for addressing this neglected cause of mortality and achieving Sustainable Development Goals.