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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
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Thiothrix eikelboomii interferes oxygen transfer in activated sludge.

Xianwei Wu1, Ju Huang1, Zichuan Lu1

  • 1School of Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Water Treatment Processes and Materials, And Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.

Water Research
|December 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Thiothrix eikelboomii, a bacterium causing sludge bulking, significantly reduces oxygen transfer in wastewater treatment by affecting sludge viscosity and air bubble interaction. Controlling sludge bulking improves both settling and oxygen transfer efficiency.

Keywords:
Activated sludgeFilamentous bulkingOxygen transferThiothrixWastewater treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Wastewater treatment engineering

Background:

  • Sludge bulking is a common issue in wastewater treatment, primarily known for impairing sludge settling.
  • Filamentous bacteria, such as Thiothrix eikelboomii, are the main culprits behind sludge bulking.
  • The impact of filamentous bacteria on oxygen transfer efficiency in wastewater treatment is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of Thiothrix eikelboomii on oxygen transfer in wastewater sludge.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which filamentous bacteria interfere with oxygen transfer.
  • To determine if controlling sludge bulking also enhances oxygen transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa) in filamentous-bulking sludge (FBS) and floc-forming sludge (FFS).
  • Measurement of sludge apparent viscosity in both sludge types.
  • Microscopic observation of air bubble-filament interactions.
  • Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) coating on filaments.

Main Results:

  • The KLa in FBS was 43% lower than in FFS at similar biomass concentrations.
  • Increased sludge apparent viscosity by filamentous bacteria partially reduced KLa.
  • Filaments attached to air bubbles, reducing liquid film renewal and increasing thickness.
  • EPS coating on filaments acted like surfactants, further hindering oxygen transfer.
  • Thiothrix eikelboomii was identified as the specific filamentous bacterium responsible for reduced KLa.

Conclusions:

  • Thiothrix eikelboomii negatively impacts oxygen transfer in wastewater treatment, beyond its effect on sludge settling.
  • Filament surface properties and their interaction with air bubbles are critical factors affecting oxygen transfer.
  • Effective control of sludge bulking, particularly by Thiothrix eikelboomii, is crucial for optimizing both sludge settling and oxygen transfer efficiency in wastewater treatment plants.