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Related Concept Videos

Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Epithelial Tissues and Their Functions01:23

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Epithelial tissues are large sheets of cells covering all of the surfaces of the body. These surfaces can be internal or external, for example, skin, airways, the digestive tract, the urinary system, and the reproductive system. Hollow organs and body cavities that do not connect to the body's exterior, including blood vessels and serous membranes, are lined by epithelial tissue known as the endothelium.
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Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Overview01:22

Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Overview

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Epithelial tissues are classified according to the shape of the cells and the number of cell layers formed. Cell shapes can be squamous (flattened and thin), cuboidal (square-like, as wide as it is tall), or columnar (rectangular, taller than it is wide). Additionally, the nucleus shape helps identify the type of epithelial cells. Squamous cells have flattened disc-shaped nuclei, cuboidal cells have spherical nuclei, and columnar cells have elongated nuclei.
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Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Stratified Epithelium01:29

Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Stratified Epithelium

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Stratified epithelium consists of several stacked layers of cells. They provide the durability to withstand constant physical and chemical attacks. Stratified epithelium is named after the shape of the most apical layer of cells. Stratified squamous epithelium is the most common type found in the human body. In this tissue, the apical cells are squamous, whereas the basal layer contains either columnar or cuboidal cells. The basal cells divide to form new daughter cells, which gradually become...
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Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Glandular Epithelium01:20

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The glandular epithelium is made of one or more epithelial cells modified to synthesize and secrete chemical substances. Glandular epithelia can be classified based on cell number. Unicellular glands have individual secretory cells scattered across the epithelial monolayer. In contrast, multicellular glands consist of a hollow tubular duct attached to the cluster of secretory cells located in the deep pockets.
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Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Simple Epithelium01:30

Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Simple Epithelium

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Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of cells that lines body cavities and blood vessels. The shape of the cells in the epithelium reflects the function of the tissue. Cells in simple squamous epithelium appear as thin scales with flat, elliptical nuclei that mirror the form of the cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Experimental Models for Study of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Physiology and Pathophysiology
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Experimental Models for Study of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Physiology and Pathophysiology

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Retinal pigment epithelial tears.

M Sastre-Ibáñez1, C Martínez-Rubio2, R Molina-Pallete3

  • 1Ophthalmology Department, Clinico San Carlos Hospital of Madrid, Gran Vía del Este, 80, 28031 Madrid, Spain.

Journal Francais D'Ophtalmologie
|December 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) tears, a complication of RPE detachments, can impair vision, especially in exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This review examines RPE tear incidence, risk factors, and treatments, including anti-VEGF therapy.

Keywords:
Age-related macular degenerationAnti-angiogenicsAnti-angiogéniqueDéchirure de l’épithélium pigmentaire rétinien (EPR)Dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âgeDétachements épithéliaux pigmentaires rétiniensFacteurs de risque pour déchirures de l’épithélium pigmentaire rétinienRetinal pigment epithelial (RPE) tearRetinal pigment epithelial detachmentsRisk factors for retinal pigment epithelial tear

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Medical Retina
  • Macular Degeneration

Background:

  • Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) tears are a known complication of RPE detachments, often leading to significant visual impairment.
  • Vascularized RPE detachments in exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are a primary cause of RPE tears.
  • Advancements in diagnostic imaging enhance understanding of RPE tear etiology and pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the incidence of RPE tears.
  • To identify risk factors associated with RPE tears.
  • To evaluate current and emerging treatment strategies for RPE tears.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diagnostic imaging techniques.
  • Analysis of spontaneous RPE tear occurrences.
  • Evaluation of RPE tears secondary to various treatments (laser, photodynamic therapy, anti-VEGF).

Main Results:

  • Intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment has increased reported RPE tear cases.
  • RPE tears are multifactorial, occurring spontaneously or due to treatments.
  • Continuous anti-VEGF therapy can optimize outcomes for RPE tears.

Conclusions:

  • RPE tears are a significant vision-limiting factor in AMD treatment.
  • Understanding multifactorial mechanisms is key to managing RPE tears.
  • Further research into incidence, risk factors, and optimized treatment is warranted.