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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Development of Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes TILLING Populations in Small Grain Crops by Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis
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Exploring and Exploiting Pan-genomics for Crop Improvement.

Yongfu Tao1, Xianrong Zhao1, Emma Mace2

  • 1Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, QLD 4370, Australia.

Molecular Plant
|December 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic variation, including structural variants (SVs), highlights the need for pan-genome analysis to capture species diversity. This approach offers untapped potential for crop improvement by exploring the full genome repertoire.

Keywords:
agronomical traitscore genescrop improvementdispensable genespan-genomestructural variation

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Plant Breeding
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Genetic variation, from SNPs to structural variants (SVs), causes differences in gene content within species.
  • A single reference genome is inadequate for capturing the complete genetic diversity of a species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review progress in crop pan-genomics.
  • To discuss biological activities causing SVs and their impact on agronomical traits.
  • To present perspectives on applying pan-genomics for crop improvement.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pan-genomic studies in crops.
  • Analysis of biological mechanisms leading to structural variants.
  • Examination of agronomical traits influenced by SVs.

Main Results:

  • Pan-genome analysis reveals significant crop diversity.
  • Structural variants are linked to key agronomical traits.
  • Advanced sequencing technologies are driving pan-genomic insights.

Conclusions:

  • Crop pan-genomics is crucial for understanding and exploiting genetic diversity.
  • Further application of pan-genomics can significantly enhance crop improvement strategies.
  • Addressing SVs through pan-genomics offers new avenues for trait development.