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Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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Prognosticating autoimmune encephalitis: A systematic review.

James Broadley1, Udaya Seneviratne2, Paul Beech3

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

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|January 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early immunotherapy is crucial for better outcomes in autoimmune encephalitis. Delayed treatment and altered consciousness predict poor prognosis, especially in anti-NMDAR encephalitis cases.

Keywords:
Autoimmune encephalitisNMDAOutcomePredictorPrognosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Systematic Reviews

Background:

  • Autoimmune encephalitis encompasses a group of rare but severe neurological disorders.
  • Identifying prognostic factors is essential for timely and effective patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the scientific literature and identify variables associated with patient prognosis in autoimmune encephalitis.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across multiple databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, PsychInfo).
  • Studies correlating early clinical/paraclinical findings with patient outcomes were selected.
  • Data extraction and analysis followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Forty-four publications involving 2823 subjects were analyzed, revealing significant heterogeneity.
  • Delayed immunotherapy was linked to worse outcomes across various autoimmune encephalitis subsets.
  • In anti-NMDAR encephalitis, altered consciousness, ICU admission, and lack of immunotherapy predicted poor prognosis.
  • Factors like older age, sex, status epilepticus, CSF, and MRI abnormalities showed limited prognostic value.

Conclusions:

  • Several variables show potential for predicting outcomes in autoimmune encephalitis.
  • Significant heterogeneity in study design, size, and quality limits definitive conclusions.