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Cell Lines01:16

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A cell line is a population of cells grown in vitro that can be subcultured over several generations. Normal cells cease to divide after a certain number of cell divisions, a process known as replicative senescence. This number, called the Hayflick limit, was conceptualized by Leonard Hayflick in 1961 when he observed that fetal cells grown in culture could only divide 40-60 times. This limit is due to the shortening of the telomeres during each round of cell division, preventing cell division...
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In electrical engineering, a lossless transmission line is characterized by a purely imaginary propagation constant and a resistive characteristic impedance. The ABCD parameters, which describe the relationship between the input and output voltages and currents, indicate an equivalent π circuit with an imaginary series impedance and a shunt admittance. This results in a transmission line that, when the product of the phase constant (beta) and the length of the line is less than pi, exhibits...
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Lossy Lines and Overvoltages01:22

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Transmission-line series resistance and shunt conductance cause three primary effects: attenuation, distortion, and power losses.
Attenuation
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Electric Field Lines01:25

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The three-dimensional representation of the electric field of a positive point charge requires tracing the electric field vectors, whose lengths decrease as the square of their distance from the charge and which point away from the charge at each point. This vector field is no doubt challenging to visualize. The visualization of electric fields becomes quickly intractable as the number of charges increases.
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The representation of magnetic fields by magnetic field lines is very useful in visualizing the strength and direction of the magnetic field. Each of the magnetic field lines forms a closed loop. The field lines emerge from the north pole (N), loop around to the south pole (S), and continue through the bar magnet back to the north pole.
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Blurring the lines for better visualisation.

C L Eccles1, S Nill2, T Herbert1

  • 1Department of Radiotherapy, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.

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|January 3, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

On-treatment imaging in radiotherapy has advanced significantly, necessitating new skills for radiographers and oncologists. The introduction of MRI-guided radiotherapy highlights the need for enhanced collaboration between therapy and diagnostic radiology professionals.

Keywords:
Image guided radiotherapyMR guided radiotherapyMR linacRadiotherapy imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiotherapy Technology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • On-treatment imaging in radiotherapy has evolved over 60 years.
  • Advancements include 2D kilovoltage/megavoltage imaging and 3D CT/cone-beam CT.
  • These technologies require overlapping skills between therapy and diagnostic radiographers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the first images acquired using a hybrid MR Linac.
  • To highlight the evolving roles of healthcare professionals in radiotherapy.
  • To emphasize the need for collaborative practices with radiology partners.

Main Methods:

  • Acquisition of initial images using a hybrid MR Linac.
  • Integration of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with Linear Accelerator (Linac) technology.
  • Exploration of new imaging techniques for radiotherapy delivery.

Main Results:

  • Successful acquisition of high-quality images using the hybrid MR Linac.
  • Demonstration of advanced imaging capabilities for radiotherapy.
  • Indication of a new era in image-guided radiotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • The implementation of MRI-guided radiotherapy represents a significant advancement.
  • Truly collaborative working practices between therapy radiographers, oncologists, and radiologists are essential.
  • This marks a new frontier in radiotherapy, requiring adaptation and integration of new skills and technologies.