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Related Concept Videos

Correlations02:20

Correlations

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Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...
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Protein-protein Interfaces02:04

Protein-protein Interfaces

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Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs are stabilized by numerous weak noncovalent chemical forces. The physical shape of the interfaces determines the way two proteins interact. Many globular proteins have closely-matching shapes on their surfaces, which form a large number of weak bonds. Additionally, many PPIs occur between two helices or between a surface cleft and a...
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Correlation01:09

Correlation

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In statistics, two variables are said to be correlated if the values of one variable are associated with the other variable. Depending on the relationship between two variables, correlation can be of three types– positive correlation, negative correlation, and zero correlation.
Two variables, for example, a and b, are said to be positively correlated if both variables move in the same direction. In other words, a positive correlation exists between two variables, a and b, if:
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Support Reactions in Three Dimensions01:27

Support Reactions in Three Dimensions

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Support reactions in three dimensions help maintain the stability and equilibrium of various structures and systems. These reactions prevent the system from translating and rotating, ensuring the design can withstand external forces and perform its intended function efficiently and safely. Some of the supports providing support reactions in three dimensions are discussed below:
Ball and Socket Joint is one of the supports allowing free rotation about any axis. This freedom of rotation is...
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Relative Velocity in One Dimension01:10

Relative Velocity in One Dimension

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The understanding of the concept of reference frames is essential to discuss relative motion in one or more dimensions. When we say that an object has a certain velocity, we must state the velocity with respect to a given reference frame. In most examples, this reference frame has been Earth. For instance, if a statement reads that a person is sitting in a train moving at 10 m/s east, then it implies that the person on the train is moving relative to the surface of Earth at this velocity,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Human Colonoid Monolayers to Study Interactions Between Pathogens, Commensals, and Host Intestinal Epithelium
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The Pathogen-Host Interface in Three Dimensions: Correlative FIB/SEM Applications.

Allon Weiner1, Jost Enninga2

  • 1Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France.

Trends in Microbiology
|January 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Correlative focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (c-FIB/SEM) tomography combines fluorescence and electron microscopy to reveal pathogen-host interactions at high resolution. This advanced imaging technique offers unprecedented detail for studying intracellular pathogens like Shigella, Salmonella, and Brucella.

Keywords:
BrucellaFIB/SEMSalmonellaShigellacorrelative microscopyvolume electron microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology
  • Microscopy

Background:

  • Intracellular pathogens employ complex interactions to survive and replicate within host cells.
  • Multidimensional fluorescence microscopy is a key tool for studying these molecular and cellular events.
  • Advancements in 3D electron microscopy offer high-resolution visualization of pathogens within their cellular context.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce correlative focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (c-FIB/SEM) tomography.
  • To illustrate the utility of c-FIB/SEM for intracellular pathogen research.
  • To discuss the limitations and future prospects of this correlative imaging approach.

Main Methods:

  • Correlative focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (c-FIB/SEM) tomography.
  • Integration of multidimensional fluorescence microscopy with volume electron microscopy.
  • Case studies on cellular invasion by Shigella, Salmonella, and Brucella.

Main Results:

  • c-FIB/SEM tomography enables detailed visualization of pathogen-host interactions.
  • Combining fluorescence and electron microscopy provides both molecular and ultrastructural information.
  • The technique has been successfully applied to study the invasion mechanisms of key intracellular pathogens.

Conclusions:

  • Correlative microscopy, particularly c-FIB/SEM, is a powerful approach for studying intracellular pathogens.
  • This technique bridges the gap between molecular/functional data and ultrastructural context.
  • Further development holds promise for advancing our understanding of host-pathogen dynamics.