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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.1K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.1K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
23.1K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.2K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.1K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Author Spotlight: Evaluating Biophysical Assays for Characterizing PROTACS Ternary Complexes
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Solid-phase synthesis for thalidomide-based proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTAC)

S Krajcovicova1, R Jorda, D Hendrychova

  • 1Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|January 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a straightforward method for creating Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) using a preloaded resin. This technique rapidly conjugates protein kinase inhibitors, and its effectiveness was confirmed in cellular experiments with an ibrutinib-like molecule.

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Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Chemical Biology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) are an emerging therapeutic modality.
  • Efficient synthesis of PROTACs is crucial for their development.
  • Existing PROTAC synthesis methods can be complex and time-consuming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simple and fast method for PROTAC formation.
  • To demonstrate the versatility of the method by conjugating various protein kinase inhibitors.
  • To confirm the biological activity of a synthesized PROTAC conjugate.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a preloaded resin containing a thalidomide moiety and an ethylene-oxy linker.
  • Conjugated different protein kinase inhibitors to the resin-bound linker.
  • Performed cellular experiments to assess the biological functionality of the resulting PROTACs.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized PROTACs using the described method.
  • Demonstrated the conjugation of diverse protein kinase inhibitors.
  • Confirmed the biological functionality of an ibrutinib-like PROTAC conjugate in cellular assays.

Conclusions:

  • The preloaded resin method offers a simple and rapid approach to PROTAC synthesis.
  • This method is feasible for creating a range of PROTAC conjugates.
  • The synthesized PROTACs exhibit biological activity, supporting their therapeutic potential.