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Related Concept Videos

Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

50.3K
On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
50.3K
Electrodes: Overview01:17

Electrodes: Overview

2.7K
 Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
There are two main types of electrodes in electrochemical cells. The first type, known as the working or indicator electrode, has a potential that is sensitive to the analyte's concentration and reacts to changes in...
2.7K
Finding Electric Potential From Electric Field01:13

Finding Electric Potential From Electric Field

5.6K
For a system of charges, it is easy to calculate the system's potential because potential is a scalar quantity. However, in some instances where calculating the electric field is more straightforward than finding the potential, the electric field is used to calculate the system's potential. For a positive charge, the electric field is radially outward, and the potential is positive at any finite distance from the positive charge. In such an electric field, the motion away from the...
5.6K
Determining Electric Field From Electric Potential01:12

Determining Electric Field From Electric Potential

5.0K
The electric field and electric potential are related to each other. If the electric field at various points in the region of interest is known, it can be used to calculate the electric potential difference between any two points. Similarly, if the electric potential is known for various points, then it is possible to calculate the electric field.
In general, regardless of whether the electric field is uniform, it points in the direction of decreasing potential because the force on a positive...
5.0K
Electric Potential Energy in a Uniform Electric Field01:09

Electric Potential Energy in a Uniform Electric Field

6.4K
When an electric field accelerates a free positive charge, it acquires kinetic energy. This process is analogous to an object being accelerated by a gravitational field as if the charge were going down an electrical hill where its electric potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, although, of course, the sources of the forces are very different. The electrostatic or Coulomb force acting on the positive test charge is conservative, which means that the work done on a test charge is...
6.4K
Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

2.0K
Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
2.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection
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Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection

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Graphene nanogap electrodes in electrical biosensing.

Trupti Terse-Thakoor1, Pankaj Ramnani2, Claudia Villarreal3

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics
|January 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces novel graphene nanogap electrodes for electrical biosensing. The developed biosensor effectively detects biomolecular interactions, showing high sensitivity for streptavidin detection.

Keywords:
Chemical vapor depositionElectrical biosensorGrapheneNanogap electrode

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Electrical biosensors are crucial for detecting biomolecular interactions.
  • Graphene nanogap electrodes offer unique electronic properties for sensitive detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a novel electrical biosensor using graphene nanogap electrodes.
  • To detect biomolecular interactions using a model streptavidin-biotin system.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of graphene nanogap electrodes.
  • Functionalization of nanogaps with biotin.
  • Detection of streptavidin-gold nanoparticles (strep-AuNPs) via conductance changes.
  • Optimization of sensor parameters including gap size, AuNP diameter, and streptavidin coverage.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated successful detection of streptavidin-biotin interactions.
  • Achieved high sensitivity of 0.3 µA/nM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.25 pM for streptavidin.
  • Optimized sensor performance by tuning physical and chemical parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene nanogap electrodes provide a promising platform for sensitive electrical biosensing.
  • The developed biosensor shows potential for portable, point-of-use detection of various biomolecular interactions.
  • This technology can be extended to detect antigen-antibody, nucleic acid, and chemo-selective interactions.