Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Open and closed-loop control systems01:17

Open and closed-loop control systems

1.7K
Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal...
1.7K
Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

64.4K
In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
64.4K
Close Relationships and Culture01:29

Close Relationships and Culture

238
Culture shapes how people approach attraction, choose partners, and build long-term relationships. While some preferences in mate selection appear consistent across cultures, such as men valuing physical attractiveness and women emphasizing financial resources, cultural contexts influence how these preferences are expressed and prioritized. Marriage extends beyond romantic ideals in many societies and is deeply embedded in social, economic, and religious frameworks.The Role of Culture in Mate...
238
Friendships and Close Friendships01:20

Friendships and Close Friendships

235
Friendship formation is a dynamic process shaped by psychological, cultural, and social factors. Friendships play a crucial role in emotional well-being, social development, and personal identity from childhood to adulthood.Childhood and Early FriendshipsFriendships in childhood often arise due to shared environments, such as school or neighborhood interactions. At this stage, proximity and common interests serve as the primary basis for connection. As children grow, their friendships evolve...
235
Positive and Negative Feedback Loops01:18

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

25.2K
Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:
25.2K
Critical Numbers and the Closed Interval Method01:21

Critical Numbers and the Closed Interval Method

64
Understanding the maximum and minimum values of a function is essential for analyzing its overall behavior. These values, often referred to as extrema, provide insight into how a function behaves across its domain. In mathematical terms, extrema can be either local—representing peaks and valleys within a limited region—or absolute, indicating the highest or lowest points over an entire interval.A function’s extrema occur at critical numbers, which are values in the domain...
64

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Radiation-Based 3D Dual-Mode Thermal Management Devices: Advances in Active/Passive Switching for Energy-Saving Applications.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Parvalbumin expression does not account for discrete electrophysiological profiles of glutamatergic ventral pallidal subpopulations.

Addiction neuroscience·2025
Same author

Reduced SK channel control of mesolimbic dopamine neuron firing drives reward seeking adaptations in chronic pain.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Single nucleus multiomic atlas of human dorsal root ganglia reveals the contribution of non-neuronal cell types to pain.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Contractions of ex-vivo mouse bladder driven by activation of channelrhodopsin-2 expressed in urothelial cells.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

A multi-omic atlas of human autonomic and sensory ganglia implicates cell types in peripheral neuropathies.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same journal

Daily briefing: How cooperation built the world.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Deep-sea oddities and boatloads of other new species - June's best science images.

Nature·2026
Same journal

From cloning to gene-editing: the enduring legacy of Dolly the sheep.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Time to give hydration breaks the red card? What science says about keeping cool.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Universities are relying on AI-detection software to catch cheating. How well do the programs work?

Nature·2026
Same journal

Daily briefing: 'Cyborg' cockroaches breathe underwater with printed suit.

Nature·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Implantation and Control of Wireless, Battery-free Systems for Peripheral Nerve Interfacing
07:13

Implantation and Control of Wireless, Battery-free Systems for Peripheral Nerve Interfacing

Published on: October 20, 2021

4.0K

A wireless closed-loop system for optogenetic peripheral neuromodulation.

Aaron D Mickle1,2, Sang Min Won3, Kyung Nim Noh3

  • 1Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.

Nature
|January 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bioelectronic medicine uses nerve stimulation for conditions like overactive bladder. This study introduces a new implant for precise, closed-loop optogenetic neuromodulation, improving organ function and reducing side effects.

More Related Videos

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface
11:54

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

5.1K
In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior
07:52

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

Published on: November 22, 2021

3.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Implantation and Control of Wireless, Battery-free Systems for Peripheral Nerve Interfacing
07:13

Implantation and Control of Wireless, Battery-free Systems for Peripheral Nerve Interfacing

Published on: October 20, 2021

4.0K
Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface
11:54

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

5.1K
In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior
07:52

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

Published on: November 22, 2021

3.8K

Area of Science:

  • Bioelectronic Medicine
  • Neuromodulation
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Bioelectronic medicine aims to treat conditions via peripheral nervous system stimulation.
  • Current electrical stimulation methods lack specificity and can cause discomfort or injury.
  • Existing therapies struggle with intermittent symptoms and targeting specific organs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a miniaturized bio-optoelectronic implant to overcome limitations of current neuromodulation techniques.
  • To enable precise, organ-specific, and closed-loop neuromodulation for improved therapeutic outcomes.
  • To demonstrate real-time monitoring and automated correction of pathological organ behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel optical stimulation interface with microscale inorganic light-emitting diodes to activate opsins.
  • Integrated a soft, high-precision biophysical sensor system for continuous organ function monitoring (e.g., bladder strain gauge).
  • Implemented a control module with data analytics for coordinated, closed-loop optogenetic neuromodulation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated real-time measurement of bladder function in a rat model using a soft strain gauge.
  • Developed data algorithms to identify pathological bladder behavior.
  • Achieved automated, closed-loop optogenetic neuromodulation that normalized bladder function.

Conclusions:

  • The all-optical neuromodulation scheme offers chronic stability and high specificity.
  • This technology provides a potential solution for treating intermittent symptoms and improving organ specificity.
  • The developed system enables precise, real-time, closed-loop control of organ function via optogenetics.