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Related Concept Videos

Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Assessment of DNA Contamination in RNA Samples Based on Ribosomal DNA
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Ribosomal DNA instability and genome adaptability.

Devika Salim1,2, Jennifer L Gerton3,4

  • 1Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.

Chromosome Research : an International Journal on the Molecular, Supramolecular and Evolutionary Aspects of Chromosome Biology
|January 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is unstable and prone to copy number changes, acting as an early indicator of genomic stress. This review explores how rDNA instability drives adaptation and shapes genomes.

Keywords:
Adaptive mutationsCopy number variationInstabilityReplicationReplication-transcription conflictsTranscriptionrDNA

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis, require numerous ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes.
  • Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) exists as tandem repeats, often in excess, and is prone to instability and copy number variation.
  • The repetitive nature of rDNA has historically limited its study, despite potential extra-ribosomal functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms regulating rDNA instability and copy number variation.
  • To explore the role of rDNA variation in environmental adaptation.
  • To understand the behavior of tandem repeats and their impact on genome evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature.
  • Analysis of evidence on rDNA regulation and function.
  • Synthesis of findings on genomic stress response and adaptation.

Main Results:

  • R rDNA acts as a "canary in the coalmine" for genomic stress.
  • Instability and copy number variation in rDNA contribute to adaptive responses.
  • Mechanisms governing rDNA instability offer insights into other repetitive DNA elements.

Conclusions:

  • R rDNA instability is a regulated process with significant adaptive potential.
  • Studying rDNA provides a model for understanding genome dynamics and evolution.
  • R rDNA's sensitivity to stress highlights its importance beyond basic ribosome biogenesis.