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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry02:15

SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry

10.3K
This lesson provides an in-depth discussion of the stereochemical outcomes in an SN1 reaction.
In the first step of an SN1 reaction, the bond between the electrophilic carbon and the leaving group ionizes to generate the carbocation intermediate. The second step of the mechanism is the nucleophilic attack.
In the formed carbocation, the positively charged carbon is sp2 hybridized with a trigonal planar geometry. As all the three substituents lie on the same plane, a plane of symmetry for the...
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SN1 Reaction: Kinetics02:05

SN1 Reaction: Kinetics

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In an SN2 reaction, the reaction rate depends on both the type of nucleophile and the substrate. A hindered tertiary alkyl halide is practically inert to the SN2 mechanism despite using a strong nucleophile.
However, Sir Christopher Ingold and Edward D. Hughes, who studied the kinetics of various nucleophilic substitution reactions, noticed that a tertiary alkyl halide does undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a weak nucleophile. While studying the substitution...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins SIRT2 and Specific Protein-substrates
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Sirtuin-1 in immunotherapy: A Janus-headed target.

Sakshum Chadha1, Liqing Wang2, Wayne W Hancock2

  • 1Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Journal of Leukocyte Biology
|January 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) inhibition impacts immune responses, promoting regulatory T cells but potentially causing inflammation in other cells. Understanding these dual roles is key for developing Sirt1-targeted therapies.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Metabolism

Background:

  • Sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) is a NAD-dependent deacetylase impacting immune cell function.
  • Sirt1 deacetylates transcription factors like Foxp3 and RORγt, influencing T cell differentiation.
  • Opposing roles of Sirt1 in T cells versus myeloid cells complicate its therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconcile conflicting literature on Sirt1's pro- and anti-inflammatory effects.
  • To provide an overview of Sirt1's role in the immune system.
  • To discuss the therapeutic implications of Sirt1 inhibition for immune control.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on Sirt1.
  • Analysis of Sirt1's deacetylation targets and their downstream effects.
  • Evaluation of Sirt1's context-dependent roles in different immune cell types.

Main Results:

  • Sirt1 inhibition promotes Foxp3+ Treg cells and inhibits pro-inflammatory Th17 cells in T cells.
  • Sirt1 exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in myeloid cells, contrasting its role in T cells.
  • Context-dependent pro-inflammatory effects of Sirt1 inhibition complicate its use in immunosuppression.

Conclusions:

  • Sirt1's dual role in immune regulation presents challenges for therapeutic targeting.
  • Further research is needed to understand the complex interplay of Sirt1 in various immune contexts.
  • Careful consideration of Sirt1's multifaceted effects is crucial for developing effective immunotherapies.