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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
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Atomic Orbitals02:44

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication
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Drebrin-Homer Interaction at An Atomic Scale.

Yasunori Hayashi1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.

Structure (London, England : 1993)
|January 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers visualized the interaction between Drebrin and Homer proteins. This structural insight reveals how Homer cross-links Drebrin, which is crucial for actin filament bundling.

Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • Molecular cell biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Drebrin and Homer are key proteins involved in synaptic plasticity and actin cytoskeleton organization.
  • Understanding their interaction is vital for comprehending neuronal development and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural basis of the Drebrin-Homer interaction.
  • To determine how this interaction influences F-actin bundling.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography was employed to obtain a high-resolution structure of the Drebrin-Homer complex.
  • Biochemical assays were used to assess the functional consequences of the interaction on F-actin bundling.

Main Results:

  • A detailed crystallographic model reveals the specific binding interface between Drebrin's Homer binding motif and Homer's EVH1 domain.

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  • The study demonstrates that tetrameric Homer effectively cross-links monomeric Drebrin.
  • This cross-linking is essential for the efficient bundling of F-actin filaments.

    • Conclusions:

    • The structural and functional data provide a mechanistic understanding of Drebrin-Homer complex formation.
    • This interaction plays a critical role in regulating actin dynamics, impacting cellular processes like cell shape and motility.