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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion01:17

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Understanding and evaluating diffusion and perfusion is critical in assessing a patient's respiratory and circulatory health. These processes play key roles in maintaining the body's internal environment, ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen while waste products are efficiently removed.
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Choroid plexus cysts analyzed using diffusion-weighted imaging with short diffusion-time.

Tomoko Maekawa1, Masaaki Hori2, Katsutoshi Murata3

  • 1Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
|January 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oscillating gradient spin-echo (OGSE) MRI reveals restricted diffusion in choroid plexus cysts. Shorter diffusion times using OGSE show lower apparent diffusion coefficient values, indicating increased cyst viscosity.

Keywords:
Choroid plexus cystsDiffusion timeDiffusion-weighted imagingOGSEOscillating gradient spin-echoRestricted diffusion

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Diffusion Weighted Imaging
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Choroid plexus cysts (CPCs) often appear hyperintense on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).
  • Understanding the internal structure of CPCs is crucial for accurate interpretation.
  • Oscillating gradient spin-echo (OGSE) sequences offer shorter diffusion times compared to pulsed gradient spin-echo (PGSE).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of choroid plexus cysts using OGSE with short diffusion times.
  • To explore the relationship between diffusion time and ADC values in CPCs.
  • To assess the utility of OGSE in characterizing CPC internal structure.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-seven patients with CPCs underwent 3T MRI.
  • Diffusion-weighted imaging was performed using both OGSE and PGSE sequences.
  • ADC values for CPCs, white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured at effective diffusion times (Δeff) of 6.5 ms (OGSE) and 35.2 ms (PGSE).

Main Results:

  • ADC values for CPCs and WM were significantly higher with OGSE (6.5 ms) compared to PGSE (35.2 ms).
  • ADC values for CSF were significantly lower with OGSE (6.5 ms) compared to PGSE (35.2 ms).
  • CPCs consistently showed lower ADC values than CSF at both diffusion times.

Conclusions:

  • The diffusion time-dependent ADC values in CPCs suggest spatially restricted diffusion.
  • Lower ADC values in CPCs compared to CSF at short diffusion times indicate restricted diffusion and increased cyst viscosity.
  • OGSE sequences provide valuable insights into the microstructural properties of choroid plexus cysts.