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Biologically Generated Mixing in the Ocean.

Eric Kunze1

  • 1NorthWest Research Associates, Redmond, Washington 98052, USA;

Annual Review of Marine Science
|January 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Marine life generates turbulence but contributes little to ocean mixing. Studies show biological turbulence is less significant than geophysical forces like breaking internal gravity waves.

Area of Science:

  • Oceanography
  • Biophysical oceanography
  • Turbulence and mixing

Background:

  • Estimates suggest marine organisms could generate significant high-Reynolds-number turbulence.
  • Biological turbulence may rival that from deep-ocean internal waves and surface forcing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the contribution of the marine biosphere to ocean mixing.
  • To compare biological turbulence generation with geophysical turbulence.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of high and low Reynolds number (Re) fluid dynamics.
  • Microstructure measurements of turbulent dissipation rates.
  • Evaluation of mixing coefficients (γ) for biological and geophysical turbulence.

Main Results:

Keywords:
Reynolds numberbiomixingocean mixingturbulence

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  • Microstructure data do not support elevated dissipation from vertically migrating krill.
  • Fish schools show elevated dissipation but low mixing coefficients (γ ≈ 0.002–0.02).
  • Low-Reynolds-number swimmers contribute minimally to mixing of scalars.

Conclusions:

  • The marine biosphere generates turbulence but has a minor impact on overall ocean mixing.
  • Breaking internal gravity waves are a more dominant driver of ocean mixing.