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Related Concept Videos

Observational Studies01:11

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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
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Many organic, inorganic, and biological molecules contain spin-half nuclei such as nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, and phosphorus-31. As a result, NMR studies of these nuclei have found extensive applications in chemical and biological research.
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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
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Drugs can be classified according to their chemical composition or their intended therapeutic application. For instance, anti-infective agents that possess the ability to eliminate pathogens or suppress their growth and reproduction can be grouped based on the organisms they target or their chemical structure. Furthermore, drugs can be divided into prescription, nonprescription, or controlled substances. Prescription medications, such as antibiotics, require oversight from a licensed healthcare...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
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Mortality risk reduction differs according to bisphosphonate class: a 15-year observational study.

D Bliuc1, T Tran2, T van Geel3

  • 1Osteoporosis and Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia. d.bliuc@garvan.org.au.

Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation Between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA
|January 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Nitrogen-bisphosphonates significantly reduced mortality risk by 34% in adults over 50 compared to no treatment. Non-nitrogen bisphosphonates showed no significant mortality benefit, suggesting different drug classes impact survival differently.

Keywords:
BisphosphonateFractureMortality riskOsteoporosisProspective study

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Pharmacology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Bisphosphonates (BP) are primary osteoporosis treatments.
  • Emerging research links BP use to reduced all-cause mortality.
  • This study investigates BP types and mortality risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the association between nitrogen-bisphosphonates (n-BP) and non-nitrogen bisphosphonates (non-n-BP) with mortality risk.
  • To compare mortality risk in BP users versus matched non-users.
  • To explore these associations in individuals with and without fractures.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study of 6120 participants aged 50+.
  • Propensity score matching (age, gender, comorbidities, fracture status) for BP users and non-users.
  • Analysis using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models.

Main Results:

  • Nitrogen-bisphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate) were linked to a 34% mortality risk reduction (HR 0.66).
  • Non-nitrogen bisphosphonates (etidronate) showed no significant mortality benefit (HR 0.89).
  • Direct comparison showed n-BP had better survival than etidronate (HR 0.47).

Conclusions:

  • Nitrogen-bisphosphonates, unlike non-nitrogen bisphosphonates, are associated with improved survival.
  • Findings suggest differential effects of BP classes on mortality.
  • Further research into mechanistic pathways is warranted.