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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

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A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
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¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

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When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
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IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

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Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single...
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Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

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In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the...
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Modified Boxplots00:57

Modified Boxplots

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A standard box and whisker plot informs us about the spread of the data in a given sample. One can identify the minimum value, maximum value, first quartile value, second quartile or median value, and third quartile.
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Antiasthma Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers01:19

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Leukotriene modifiers, or cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists, are medications used to manage chronic asthma. These agents target specific inflammatory mediators produced during arachidonic acid metabolism, an essential process in generating inflammation in the body.
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Related Experiment Video

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Less-Invasive Technique for Non-stabilized Mandibular Fracture in Mouse Models
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Modified Mandibular Sagittal Split Osteotomy.

Joël Ferri1,2, Matthias Schlund1,2, Thomas Roland-Billecart1

  • 1Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Roger Salengro Hospital, University Lille, CHU Lille.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|January 5, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This new mandibular osteotomy technique avoids the inferior border notch and reduces the risk of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) damage. It allows for unrestricted mandibular advancement and setback, improving surgical outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Surgical Innovation
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Mandibular osteotomies are crucial for correcting dental arch positioning.
  • Existing techniques like supraforaminal osteotomies limit advancement, while Epker and Obwegeser-Dal Pont methods risk an inferior border notch.
  • Preserving inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) function is paramount during these procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel mandibular osteotomy technique.
  • To overcome the limitations of current osteotomy methods, specifically the inferior border notch and restricted movement.
  • To enhance safety and efficacy in mandibular advancement surgeries.

Main Methods:

  • Modified Epker technique involving lingual cortex sectioning to the lingula.
  • Buccal cortex sectioning stopped 3-4 mm above the inferior border, then horizontally to the gonial angle.
  • Conservation of the inferior border periosteum and muscle attachments to maintain vascularization.

Main Results:

  • The described technique successfully avoids the inferior border notch.
  • It presents a lower risk of damage to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) compared to the Epker technique.
  • A sufficient bony surface area is maintained for optimal bone healing.
  • The technique allows for unrestricted mandibular setback movements.

Conclusions:

  • This novel mandibular osteotomy technique offers significant advantages over existing methods.
  • It enhances patient safety by reducing the risk of nerve damage and avoiding the inferior border notch.
  • The technique provides greater surgical flexibility for mandibular repositioning.