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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
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Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment01:19

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

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Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Related Experiment Video

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An Epithelial Abrasion Model for Studying Corneal Wound Healing
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Inflammatory T cells maintain a healing disposition.

Joshua M Moreau1, Michael D Rosenblum1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Science Immunology
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Commensal-specific T cells show flexibility, possessing both type-2 and type-17 effector capabilities. This plasticity is key for adapting immune responses within tissues.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiome Research
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • The gut microbiota influences host immunity.
  • T cells play a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis.
  • Understanding T cell plasticity is vital for immune regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional plasticity of commensal-specific T cells.
  • To determine the dual effector potential of these T cells.
  • To elucidate the role of T cell plasticity in orchestrating tissue immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and characterization of commensal-specific T cells.
  • Analysis of cytokine production profiles (e.g., IL-4, IL-17).
  • In vivo and in vitro functional assays.

Main Results:

  • Commensal-specific T cells exhibit a dual effector phenotype.
  • These T cells can produce both type-2 (e.g., IL-4) and type-17 (e.g., IL-17) cytokines.
  • Demonstrated plasticity in immune response orchestration.

Conclusions:

  • Commensal-specific T cells possess adaptable effector functions.
  • This dual potential allows for flexible immune responses in tissues.
  • T cell plasticity is a critical mechanism for host-microbe interactions.