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Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to its biological function. Interactions between its constituent amino acids guide protein folding, and hence the protein structure is primarily dependent on its amino acid sequence.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index
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Deconstructing cortical folding: genetic, cellular and mechanical determinants.

Cristina Llinares-Benadero1, Víctor Borrell2

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Summary

Cerebral cortical folding, a key evolutionary step, is increasingly studied using new models and tools. Research explores how genetics, cell biology, and biomechanics interact to shape brain folding and evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Cortical folding is a fundamental aspect of mammalian brain evolution, correlating with increased brain size and complexity.
  • Historically, the study of cortical folding relied on observation, but advancements now allow for experimental testing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the interplay between genetics, cell biology, and biomechanics in shaping cortical folding.
  • To discuss the evolutionary trajectory of cortical folding, particularly genomic changes in primates linked to larger brains.
  • To highlight emerging technologies for analyzing and manipulating cortical folding.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature integrating genetics, cell biology, and biomechanics.
  • Analysis of genomic changes in primate evolution.
  • Discussion of novel bioengineering materials and animal models.

Main Results:

  • Genetics, cell biology, and biomechanics are interconnected factors influencing cortical folding.
  • Specific genomic changes in primates are associated with the evolution of larger, folded brains.
  • New technologies offer powerful tools for investigating the mechanisms of cortical folding.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding cortical folding requires an interdisciplinary approach combining genetics, cell biology, and biomechanics.
  • Evolutionary and genomic studies provide insights into the development of complex brain structures.
  • Future research using advanced technologies promises to unravel the intricate mechanisms of cerebral cortex folding.