Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 31, 2026
10:46
A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data
Published on: December 9, 2015
11.1K
Evaluating the temporal relationships between withdrawal symptoms and smoking relapse
Jason D Robinson1, Liang Li2, Minxing Chen2
1Department of Behavioral Science.
Summary
Negative affect, craving, and withdrawal symptoms increase smoking relapse risk. While relapse also worsens these symptoms, the impact of symptoms on relapse is stronger, supporting negative reinforcement in nicotine dependence.
Area of Science:
- Addiction research
- Clinical psychology
- Behavioral neuroscience
Background:
- Smokers often cite negative affect, craving, and withdrawal as reasons for relapse.
- Smoking relapse may exacerbate these negative experiences, particularly affect.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the bidirectional temporal relationship between negative affect, craving, withdrawal symptoms, and smoking relapse.
- To compare the predictive strength of symptoms on relapse versus relapse on symptoms.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of data from 1,246 smokers in an 11-week cessation trial.
- Randomization to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), varenicline, or placebo with behavioral counseling.
- Cross-lagged analyses examining temporal relationships between self-reported symptoms and biochemically verified abstinence.
Main Results:
- Increased negative affect, craving, and withdrawal symptoms predicted subsequent smoking relapse.
- Smoking relapse subsequently increased negative affect, craving, and withdrawal symptoms.
- Models where symptoms predicted relapse demonstrated stronger explained variance than vice versa.
Conclusions:
- Findings support a negative reinforcement model of nicotine dependence.
- Bidirectional relationship indicates quitting struggles intensify symptoms.
- Addressing specific symptoms is crucial for effective smoking cessation interventions.
Related Concept Videos
02:12Relationship Formation
46.2K
What do you think is the single most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships? You might be surprised to learn that the answer is simple: the people with whom you have the most contact. This most important factor is proximity. You are more likely to be friends with people you have regular contact with. For example, there are decades of research that shows that you are more likely to become friends with people who live in your dorm,...
46.2K
01:28Ending Relationships
188
The dissolution of intimate relationships presents complex emotional and psychological challenges, particularly when emotional bonds are strong, the relationship is long-standing, and perceived alternatives are limited. This distress often intensifies in romantic breakups, where the initiator may experience greater turmoil than the rejected partner. Contributing factors include residual attachment, guilt over causing pain, and uncertainty about how to manage the situation. The stress is further...
188
01:15Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications
2.3K
For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
2.3K
01:30Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
557
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...
Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...
557
01:27Relationship Growth
218
Interpersonal relationships progress through stages, beginning with awareness and moving toward mutuality, where emotional connections deepen. While many relationships remain at moderate levels of mutuality, deeper connections form through self-disclosure, trust, and interdependence.Self-DisclosureSelf-disclosure involves revealing personal information, starting with surface-level details and gradually progressing to more intimate content. As trust grows, individuals feel more comfortable...
218
01:30Social Relationships and Well-Being
311
The significance of social relationships in psychological well-being is a well-established area of inquiry within social psychology. Research consistently demonstrates that the presence of meaningful, supportive relationships enhances emotional health, while the absence or deterioration of such connections can contribute to psychological distress. Relationships serve as a foundation for emotional support, identity, and social belonging, all of which are critical to an individual’s overall...
311