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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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A novel porous hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) shows reversible acid-induced color changes. This discovery opens new avenues for developing smart, stimuli-responsive materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are crystalline materials with tunable properties.
  • Stimuli-responsive materials are crucial for advanced sensing and adaptive technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To construct and characterize a novel acid-responsive HOF.
  • To investigate the photophysical properties and structural behavior of the HOF upon acid exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystalline X-ray diffraction for structural determination.
  • Gas sorption experiments for porosity evaluation.
  • Femtosecond spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy for photochemistry studies.

Main Results:

  • A porous HOF (CPHATN-1a) with high thermal stability was synthesized.
  • Ultrafast intramolecular charge-transfer and interunit proton-transfer reactions were observed.
  • Reversible yellow-to-reddish-brown color change and emission modulation upon acid vapor exposure were demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • This work presents the first HOF exhibiting acid-responsive color changes.
  • The developed HOF shows potential for applications in chemical sensing and smart materials.
  • The findings contribute to the understanding of stimuli-responsive HOFs.