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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve
Published on: October 8, 2014
Osseointegrated Auditory Devices: Bone-Anchored Hearing Aid and PONTO
Soha N Ghossaini1, Pamela C Roehm2
1Otology-Neurotology, Ear Nose and Throat Associates of New York, 107-21 Queens Boulevard, Forest Hills, NY 11375, USA.
Abstract:
Osseointegrated auditory devices (OADs) are hearing devices that use an external receiver/processor that stimulates bone conduction of sound via a titanium prosthesis that is drilled into the bone of the cranium. Since their introduction in 1977, OADs have undergone substantial evolution, including changes in manufacturing of the implant, improvements in the external sound processor, and simplification of implantation techniques. Expansion of criteria for patient candidacy for implantation has occurred corresponding with changes in the implants and processors.
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