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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
Published on: January 3, 2025
Eradication of Neuroblastoma by T Cells Redirected with an Optimized GD2-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor and
Yuhui Chen1, Chuang Sun1, Elisa Landoni1
1Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Purpose:
A delay in encountering the cognate antigen while in the circulation, and the suboptimal costimulation received at the tumor site are key reasons for the limited activity of chimeric antigen receptor-redirected T cells (CAR-T) in solid tumors. We have explored the benefits of incorporating the IL15 cytokine within the CAR cassette to provide both a survival signal before antigen encounter, and an additional cytokine signaling at the tumor site using a neuroblastoma tumor model.
Experimental Design:
We optimized the construct for the CAR specific for the NB-antigen GD2 without (GD2.CAR) or with IL15 (GD2.CAR.15). We then compared the expansion, phenotype, and antitumor activity of T cells transduced with these constructs against an array of neuroblastoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo using a xenogeneic metastatic model of neuroblastoma.
Results:
We observed that optimized GD2.CAR.15-Ts have reduced expression of the PD-1 receptor, are enriched in stem cell-like cells, and have superior antitumor activity upon repetitive tumor exposures in vitro and in vivo as compared with GD2.CAR-Ts. Tumor rechallenge experiments in vivo further highlighted the role of IL15 in promoting enhanced CAR-T antitumor activity and survival, both in the peripheral blood and tissues. Finally, the inclusion of the inducible caspase-9 gene (iC9) safety switch warranted effective on demand elimination of the engineered GD2.CAR.15-Ts.
Conclusions:
Our results guide new therapeutic options for GD2.CAR-Ts in patients with neuroblastoma, and CAR-T development for a broad range of solid tumors.
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