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Solvents

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...

Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs: Hemoperfusion and Hemofiltration

Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs: Hemoperfusion and Hemofiltration

Hemoperfusion and hemofiltration are critical techniques in medical treatments to eliminate accumulated drugs, metabolites, and electrolytes from the bloodstream. These methods are particularly vital in cases of accidental poisoning and drug overdose.Hemoperfusion involves passing blood through an adsorbent material to remove unwanted substances. The main adsorbents used in hemoperfusion include activated charcoal and Amberlite resins. Activated charcoal can adsorb both polar and nonpolar...

Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs: Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis

Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs: Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or those experiencing drug overdose often require extracorporeal methods to eliminate accumulated drugs and metabolites. Hemoperfusion, hemofiltration, and dialysis are the primary techniques to rapidly remove harmful substances without disrupting the patient's fluid and electrolyte balance. For those with compromised renal function, dosage adjustments of concurrent medications may be necessary during extracorporeal drug removal.Dialysis is a process...

Photoluminescence: Applications

Photoluminescence: Applications

Photoluminescence offers a wide range of applications due to its inherent sensitivity and selectivity. This technique allows for both direct and indirect analyses of the analyte. Direct quantitative analysis is possible when the analyte exhibits a favorable quantum yield for fluorescence or phosphorescence. However, an indirect analysis may be feasible if the analyte is not fluorescent or phosphorescent, or if the quantum yield is unfavorable. Indirect methods include reacting the analyte with...

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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents

Published on: July 4, 2016

Preconcentration by solvent removal: techniques and applications.

Elisenda Fornells^1,2, Emily F Hilder^1,3, Michael C Breadmore^4,5

¹ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Hobart, Australia.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

|January 9, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores solvent removal techniques for preconcentration, enhancing detection sensitivity in analytical methods. Advances in evaporation and partitioning strategies are compared, highlighting the need for precise interface control.

Keywords:

Extraction (SFE | SPE | SPME)Preconcentration Sampling

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Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents

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Published on: July 4, 2016

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Published on: January 17, 2017

Paper-Based Preconcentration and Isolation of Microvesicles and Exosomes

Paper-Based Preconcentration and Isolation of Microvesicles and Exosomes

Published on: April 29, 2020

Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Method Development
Sample Preparation

Background:

Improving detection sensitivity is crucial in analytical method development.
Preconcentration techniques are essential for trace analysis.
Solvent removal is a key strategy for sample preconcentration.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and compare diverse preconcentration approaches based on solvent removal.
To identify advances in microfluidic, paper-based, and membrane-assisted evaporation.
To discuss sample partitioning in immiscible fluids.

Main Methods:

Review of literature on solvent removal techniques for preconcentration.
Comparison of evaporation methods (microfluidic, paper-based, membrane-assisted).
Analysis of sample partitioning strategies.

Main Results:

Various solvent removal methods achieve preconcentration by evaporation and partitioning.
Effective control of the gas-liquid interface is critical for accurate results.
Different strategies offer distinct benefits and drawbacks.

Conclusions:

Solvent removal techniques are vital for enhancing analytical detection sensitivity.
Further research is needed to optimize control over interfaces in these methods.
A comprehensive understanding of different strategies is necessary for effective method development.