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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Imperforate Hymen: A Comprehensive Systematic Review.

Keum Hwa Lee1,2, Ji Sun Hong3, Hyuk Jun Jung4

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, C.P.O. Box 8044, Seoul 120-752, Korea. AZSAGM@yuhs.ac.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|January 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Imperforate hymen (IH) is a rare congenital condition causing vaginal obstruction. Early diagnosis and surgical treatment like hymenotomy or hymenectomy lead to good outcomes, preventing severe complications.

Keywords:
abdominal paingenitourinary symptomshymenectomyhymenotomyimperforate hymenimprovementsystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Urology

Background:

  • Imperforate hymen (IH) is an uncommon congenital anomaly obstructing the vaginal opening.
  • Delayed diagnosis is common due to nonspecific symptoms and low incidence.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial to prevent complications like ascending infections and renal failure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify characteristics, clinical presentations, and treatment outcomes of imperforate hymen patients.
  • To review literature on diagnosis and management of imperforate hymen.
  • To emphasize the importance of early detection and appropriate surgical intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Medline databases up to July 2018.
  • Inclusion of English-language studies on imperforate hymen, analyzing case reports and series.
  • Review of data from 253 patients regarding symptoms, treatments, and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Common symptoms include abdominal pain (54.2%) and urinary retention (20.3%).
  • Surgical treatment (hymenotomy/hymenectomy) was performed in 83.5% of patients with no significant difference in outcomes between methods.
  • Most patients (59.7%) showed improvement, with low complication rates (6.6%).

Conclusions:

  • Early physical examination at birth is recommended for all female infants.
  • Clinicians should consider imperforate hymen in adolescent girls with unexplained abdominal or urinary symptoms.
  • Accurate diagnosis and timely surgical intervention are key to favorable outcomes and prevention of serious complications.