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The shape of personal space.

Heiko Hecht1, Robin Welsch1, Jana Viehoff1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany.

Acta Psychologica
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Summary

Personal space is typically circular, about 1 meter in radius. Men maintain greater distances than women, and these spatial preferences translate to virtual environments, even with avatars.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Virtual Reality

Background:

  • The concept of personal space, the invisible boundary around an individual, is well-established.
  • Research has yet to extensively measure the precise shape and characteristics of this personal space.
  • The increasing prevalence of virtual environments necessitates understanding if real-world spatial behaviors persist in digital settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically measure the shape and dimensions of personal space.
  • To investigate gender differences in personal space.
  • To determine if personal space norms and shapes are replicated in virtual environments.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted two experiments: one in a lab with real individuals and a mannequin, and another in a virtual reality setting with an avatar.
  • Utilized a stop-distance task where participants approached or were approached by others (or virtual entities) until a comfortable conversational distance was reached.
  • Manipulated subject perspective (egocentric vs. allocentric) in the virtual environment experiment.

Main Results:

  • Personal space was found to be roughly circular with an approximate 1-meter radius.
  • Male pairs maintained significantly larger personal space than female or mixed-gender pairs.
  • Participants kept greater distances from a mannequin than a real person, but preferred similar distances to a virtual avatar as to a real person.

Conclusions:

  • Personal space exhibits a generally circular shape, with measurable radii influenced by factors like gender.
  • Real-world personal space behaviors and preferences are largely transferable to virtual environments.
  • The study provides empirical data on personal space dimensions and its cross-environment consistency.