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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end....
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Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
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Space Trusses01:25

Space Trusses

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A space truss is a three-dimensional counterpart of a planar truss. These structures consist of members connected at their ends, often utilizing ball-and-socket joints to create a stable and versatile framework. The space truss is widely used in various construction projects due to its adaptability and capacity to withstand complex loads.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Trajectory Data Analyses for Pedestrian Space-time Activity Study
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Trajectory Data Analyses for Pedestrian Space-time Activity Study

Published on: February 25, 2013

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The spacing effect stands up to big data.

A S N Kim1,2, A M B Wong-Kee-You3, M Wiseheart3,4

  • 1Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada. a_kim@yorku.ca.

Behavior Research Methods
|January 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spaced retrieval practice enhances long-term knowledge retention. Optimal spacing intervals increase with longer retention periods, validating laboratory findings in real-world workplace training for improved learning outcomes.

Keywords:
Big dataDistributed practiceEpisodic memoryGeneralized linear mixed model (GLMM)Learning management system (LMS)Real-world dataRetrieval practiceSpacing effectTraining and development

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Workplace Learning

Background:

  • The spacing effect demonstrates that learning is more effective with temporal gaps between repetitions.
  • The testing effect highlights the benefits of memory retrieval for subsequent recall.
  • Optimal combination of spacing and retrieval for real-world knowledge retention remains understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the optimal combination of spaced retrieval for enhancing knowledge retention in a real-world setting.
  • To analyze longitudinal data from workplace training to understand the impact of spaced retrieval.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of longitudinal data from 10,514 individuals in workplace training.
  • Utilized a generalized linear mixed model to assess spacing interval, retention interval, and question format.
  • Incorporated a three-level hierarchical structure for random factors (content, employee, company).

Main Results:

  • A significant interaction was found between spacing interval and retention interval.
  • The optimal spacing interval for repeated retrieval practice increases as the retention interval lengthens.
  • Findings support the transferability of laboratory-based research to practical learning environments.

Conclusions:

  • Spaced retrieval practice is effective for long-term knowledge retention in real-world contexts.
  • The optimal strategy involves increasing the time between retrieval practices for longer retention goals.
  • This research bridges laboratory findings on learning with practical workplace training applications.