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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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Orbital Roof Reconstruction Using Nylon Foil Implants.

Seanna R Grob1, Katherine G Chen2, Jeremiah P Tao1

  • 1Division of Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine.

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|January 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Nylon foil implants offer an effective and affordable method for orbital roof reconstruction after tumor removal. This technique successfully restored orbital stability without complications in three patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Ophthalmology
  • Craniofacial Surgery

Background:

  • Orbital roof defects often result from meningioma resection.
  • Reconstruction is crucial for maintaining orbital integrity and function.
  • Current reconstruction methods may have limitations.

Observation:

  • A surgical technique using thin nylon foil for orbital roof reconstruction was employed.
  • Three consecutive patients with complete superior orbital defects underwent this procedure.
  • The nylon foil was used following meningioma resection via a craniotomy approach.

Findings:

  • Nylon foil reconstruction resulted in anatomically stable orbits in all cases.
  • No globe dystopia, pulsatile proptosis, or cerebrospinal fluid leaks were observed.
  • Postoperative outcomes including visual acuity, pain, motility, and globe position remained stable or improved.

Implications:

  • Nylon foil implantation presents a safe and effective surgical option for orbital roof reconstruction.
  • This technique is cost-effective, offering a viable solution for complex cranio-orbital defects.
  • Further studies with larger cohorts could validate these promising findings.