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Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues
Published on: November 22, 2014
The "great" controlling nucleotide coenzymes
Richard L Veech1, Michael Todd King1, Robert Pawlosky1
1Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIAAA, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
Abstract:
Nucleotide coenzymes dot the map of metabolic pathways providing energy to drive the reactions of the pathway and play an important role in regulating and controlling energy metabolism through their shared potential energy, which is widely unobserved due to the paradox that the energy in the coenzyme pools cannot be determined from the concentration of the coenzyme couples. The potential energy of the nucleotide couples in the mitochondria or the cytoplasm is expressed in the enzyme reactions in which they take part. The energy in these couples, [NAD+]/[NADH], [NADP+]/[NADPH], [acetyl CoA]/[CoA], and [ATP]/[ADP]x[Pi], regulates energy metabolism. The energy contained in the couples can be altered by suppling energy equivalents in the form of ketones, such as, D-β-hydroxybutyrate to overcome insulin resistance, to restore antioxidants capacity, to form potential treatments for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, to enhance life span, and to increase physiological performance. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(5):565-579, 2019.
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