Short Peptides with Uncleavable Peptide Bond Mimetics as Photoactivatable Caspase-3 Inhibitors

Chemical probes that covalently interact with proteases have found increasing use for the study of protease function and localization. The design and synthesis of such probes is still a bottleneck, as the strategies to target different families are highly diverse. We set out to design and synthesize chemical probes based on protease substrate specificity with inclusion of an uncleavable peptide bond mimic and a photocrosslinker for covalent modification of the protease target. With caspase-3 as a model target protease, we designed reduced amide and triazolo peptides as substrate mimetics, whose sequences can be conveniently constructed by modified solid phase peptide synthesis. We found that these probes inhibited the caspase-3 activity, but did not form a covalent bond. It turned out that the reduced amide mimics, upon irradiation with a benzophenone as photosensitizer, are oxidized and form low concentrations of peptide aldehydes, which then act as inhibitors of caspase-3. This type of photoactivation may be utilized in future photopharmacology experiments to form protease inhibitors at a precise time and location.