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What Influences Saturation? Estimating Sample Sizes in Focus Group Research.

Monique M Hennink1, Bonnie N Kaiser2, Mary Beth Weber1

  • 11 Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

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PubMed
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Determining sample size in qualitative research requires understanding saturation. This study identifies key parameters, like group stratification, influencing saturation to better estimate sample sizes for focus group studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Qualitative Research Methodology
  • Social Sciences Research Methods

Background:

  • Saturation is a common but poorly understood metric for determining sample sizes in qualitative research.
  • Existing guidance on factors influencing saturation for sample size estimation is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess saturation in qualitative data from focus group discussions.
  • To identify parameters that influence saturation and can be used to estimate sample sizes before data collection.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from 10 focus group discussions using two approaches to assess saturation.
  • Evaluation of the impact of group stratification on saturation.

Main Results:

  • Code saturation was reached with four focus groups, identifying new issues.
  • Meaning saturation, requiring deeper understanding, needed more groups.
  • Group stratification affected meaning saturation; one group per stratum identified issues, while two provided comprehensive understanding with diminishing returns thereafter.

Conclusions:

  • Six parameters influence saturation in focus group data: study purpose, code type, group stratification, number of groups per stratum, and type/degree of saturation.
  • These parameters can inform advance sample size estimations for qualitative focus group studies.