Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training
Published on: January 18, 2021
Fontan Revision: Presurgical Planning Using Four-Dimensional (4D) Flow and Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing
Thomas Carberry1, Raghav Murthy1, Albert Hsiao2
11 Division of Cardiology, Rady Children's Hospital/UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA.
Abstract:
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) can be a complication of certain postoperative Fontan patients whose hepatic venous blood return is not distributed evenly to both lungs. A ten-year-old female, who had previously undergone staged single ventricle palliation for complex congenital heart disease, underwent a Fontan revision due to significant left-sided pulmonary AVMs and increasing arterial oxygen desaturation. The combination of four-dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and three-dimensional printing enabled presurgical planning for a Fontan takedown and diversion of hepatic venous flow to the azygous vein that resulted in significant clinical improvement.
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