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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

915
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

17.9K
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
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Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

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The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
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Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

17.2K
Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
17.2K
Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

1.2K
Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
1.2K
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

9.6K
The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
9.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
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Clathrate hydrates in interstellar environment.

Jyotirmoy Ghosh1, Rabin Rajan J Methikkalam1, Radha Gobinda Bhuin1

  • 1Department of Science and Technology (DST) Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|January 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clathrate hydrates (CHs) can form in simulated interstellar conditions. This discovery suggests these ice structures may exist in space and contribute to prebiotic chemistry.

Keywords:
ISMamorphous solid waterclathrate hydrateinterstellar mediumultra-high vacuum

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Area of Science:

  • Astrochemistry
  • Planetary Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Clathrate hydrates (CHs) are ice structures common on Earth.
  • Their presence in the interstellar medium (ISM) is currently unknown.
  • Understanding CH formation in extreme environments is crucial for astrobiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the possibility of clathrate hydrate formation under conditions mimicking the ISM.
  • To explore the role of molecular mobility and hydrogen bonding in hydrate cage formation.
  • To assess the potential of interstellar clathrate hydrates as sources of prebiotic molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental simulation of ISM conditions using ultrahigh vacuum (10^-10 mbar).
  • Thermal treatment of solid methane and carbon dioxide-water mixtures at low temperatures (30 K and 10 K).
  • In situ observation of clathrate hydrate formation within 5^12 cages.

Main Results:

  • Successful formation of methane and carbon dioxide clathrate hydrates was experimentally confirmed.
  • Hydrate formation occurred at temperatures as low as 10 K and 10^-10 mbar.
  • High molecular mobility and hydrogen bonding were identified as key factors in gas entrapment.

Conclusions:

  • Clathrate hydrates can form in the extreme low-pressure and low-temperature environments of the ISM.
  • Interstellar clathrate hydrates could serve as reservoirs for molecules relevant to the origin of life.
  • This research opens new avenues for understanding the chemical evolution of the cosmos.