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Many children face reading difficulties, impacting academic and mental health. This perspective reviews a century of research on reading challenges and effective interventions for struggling readers.

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Area of Science:

  • * Cognitive Psychology
  • * Developmental Psychology
  • * Educational Neuroscience

Background:

  • * A significant number of children experience difficulties in learning to read.
  • * Reading impairments negatively affect academic success and increase risks for social, emotional, and mental health issues.
  • * Over a century of research has focused on understanding reading difficulties and affected individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To summarize key findings from over 100 years of reading science research.
  • * To present a framework for understanding the causes of reading difficulties.
  • * To outline effective treatment strategies for children with reading challenges.

Main Methods:

  • * Literature review of historical and current reading science research.
  • * Synthesis of findings on the nature of reading difficulties.
  • * Development of a conceptual framework for causes and treatments.

Main Results:

  • * Reading difficulties are complex and multifactorial.
  • * A deeper understanding of reading acquisition and its disruptions has been achieved.
  • * Evidence-based interventions are crucial for supporting struggling readers.

Conclusions:

  • * Continued research is vital for addressing the persistent challenge of reading difficulties.
  • * A comprehensive framework aids in diagnosing and treating reading impairments.
  • * Early and effective interventions can mitigate the long-term negative impacts of reading struggles.