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The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.  The different forms of energy on Earth originate from the Sun — the ultimate energy source. Plants capture light energy from the Sun, and, via the process of photosynthesis, convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy from plants can be harnessed in many ways. For example, eating plant products as food provides energy for our body to function, and burning wood or coal (fossilized...
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Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break...
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Occipitocervical Dislocation in Low-Energy Trauma.

Celeste Tavolaro1, Richard Bransford1, Aditya Yerrapragada1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics & Sport Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, 325 Ninth Avenue Seattle, WA 98104, USA.

Case Reports in Orthopedics
|January 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Occipitocervical dislocation (OCD) can result from low-energy trauma, presenting solely as neck pain. Prompt CT scans and surgical fusion are crucial for managing this severe spinal injury.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Traumatic occipitocervical dislocation (OCD) is typically associated with high-energy trauma and carries a high mortality rate.
  • The injury involves disruption of the ligamentous complex connecting the occiput to the cervical spine.

Observation:

  • A case of OCD occurred in a patient following a ground-level fall, with posterior neck pain as the sole symptom and no neurological deficits.
  • CT and MRI revealed severe ligamentous injury, unstable occipital condyle fractures, and C1 fractures.

Findings:

  • Traumatic OCD can occur from low-energy mechanisms, challenging previous assumptions.
  • Severe neck pain without neurological compromise can be the primary indicator of OCD in low-energy trauma.
  • Head and neck CT is vital for early diagnosis.

Implications:

  • Early recognition and diagnosis of OCD are critical, even after low-energy incidents.
  • Prompt surgical intervention, including occiput-C2 instrumentation and fusion, is necessary to maintain neurologic integrity.
  • This case broadens the understanding of OCD mechanisms and clinical presentations.