Oxythermal window drastically constraints the survival and development of European sturgeon early life phases

European sturgeon Acipenser sturio is an anadromous fish species being classified "critically endangered" with only one remaining population in the Gironde-Garonne-Dordogne basin (France). In the global warming context, this paper aims to determine the sensitivity of A. sturio early life phases to temperature and oxygen saturation. Embryos were experimentally exposed to a combination of temperature (12 to 30 °C) and oxygen (30 to 90% O₂ saturation) conditions. Lethal and sublethal effects were evaluated using embryonic mortality, hatching success, malformation rate, yolk sac resorption, tissue development and swimming speed. Embryonic survival peaked at 20 °C and no survival was recorded at 30 °C regardless of the associated oxygen saturation. No hatching occurred at 50% O₂ sat or below regardless of temperature. Malformation frequency appeared to be minimum at 20 °C and 90% O₂ sat. Swimming speed peaked at 16 °C. The temperature optimum of early life phases of A. sturio was determined to be close to 20 °C. Its upper tolerance limit is between 26 and 30 °C and its lower tolerance limit is below 12 °C. Oxygen depletion induces sublethal effects at 70% O₂ sat and lethal effects at 50% O₂ sat. Within the spawning period in the Gironde-Garonne-Dordogne basin, we identified yearly favourable oxythermal windows. Consequences of climate change would depend of the phenological adaptation of the species for its spawning period.