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Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
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Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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The cytoskeletal architecture can be studied using different microscopic and biochemical techniques. Electron microscopy was instrumental in discovering the cytoskeletal architecture around the 1960s, which allowed obtaining structural information at a high-resolution level. However, the sample preparation procedure often limits this ability in biological samples. Several protocols have been developed over the years to optimize sample preparation. In one of the protocols known as rotary...
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Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR
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All-Cause Mortality Associated with Tramadol Use: A Case-Crossover Study.

Sohyun Jeong1, Ha Jin Tchoe1, Junqing Li1

  • 1School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.

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Tramadol use in adults is linked to a higher risk of mortality, especially in older patients and those with kidney or liver disease. This finding requires careful consideration in clinical decision-making.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacovigilance
  • Clinical Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Tramadol labeling has been updated due to mortality risks in children.
  • The mortality risk associated with tramadol in adults remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between tramadol use and mortality in adult populations.
  • To identify specific risk groups with elevated mortality risk when using tramadol.

Main Methods:

  • A case-crossover study design was employed using South Korean National Health Insurance Service data (2004-2013).
  • Patients prescribed tramadol prior to death were compared to control periods, with adjustments for co-medications, surgeries, and respiratory conditions.
  • Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Main Results:

  • Tramadol use was associated with a 1.77-fold increased mortality risk (aOR 1.77, 95% CI 1.67-1.87).
  • The highest mortality risks were observed in individuals over 75 years old (aOR 2.61), with renal disease (aOR 2.90), and hepatic disease (aOR 2.09).

Conclusions:

  • Tramadol use is associated with an increased mortality risk in the adult population.
  • While findings suggest a significant risk, residual confounding in observational studies necessitates cautious interpretation for patient care decisions.