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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

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Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.
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One-step Protocol for Evaluation of the Mode of Radiation-induced Clonogenic Cell Death by Fluorescence Microscopy
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Radiation-Induced Rhinitis: Cytological and Olfactory Changes.

Giuseppe Riva1, Pierfrancesco Franco2, Erica Provenzano1

  • 11 Otorhinolaryngology Division, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.

American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy
|January 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Radiotherapy for head and neck cancer causes acute rhinitis, affecting quality of life. Nasal cytology aids personalized treatment for radiation-induced rhinitis.

Keywords:
Sniffin’s stickadverse eventshead and neck cancermucositisnasal cavitiesnasal cytologyradiationradiotherapyrhinitissmell

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Oncology
  • Radiotherapy

Background:

  • Oral mucositis is a known side effect of head and neck cancer radiotherapy (RT).
  • Radiation-induced rhinitis, a nasal complication of RT, is less understood and clinically overlooked.
  • This study investigates acute rhinitis and olfactory changes during RT for head and neck cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate acute cytological and olfactory alterations during RT for head and neck cancer.
  • To correlate these changes with RT doses delivered to nasal structures.
  • To assess the persistence of rhinitis post-treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Observational study of 10 head and neck cancer patients undergoing RT.
  • Nasal scraping for cytology, Sniffin' Sticks test for olfaction, and Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scale.
  • Assessments performed before, during, and up to 3 months after RT, correlated with RT doses (Dmean, D2%) to nasal cavities and inferior turbinates.

Main Results:

  • Radiation-induced rhinitis occurred in 70% of patients by the end of RT, persisting in 40% at 3 months.
  • Olfactory function showed decreased odor threshold and discrimination during RT, returning to baseline post-treatment.
  • Nasal cytology revealed inflammation with neutrophils and bacteria; 10% showed metaplasia. RT doses correlated with rhinitis and metaplasia.

Conclusions:

  • Head and neck cancer RT induces acute rhinitis that can persist, impacting quality of life.
  • Nasal cytology provides valuable insights for individualized treatment strategies.
  • Further research into managing radiation-induced rhinitis is warranted.