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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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Emerging Adulthood01:27

Emerging Adulthood

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Jeffrey Arnett's concept of emerging adulthood offers a framework to understand the unique developmental stage between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood, generally from ages 18 to 25. This period is marked by extensive exploration and shifts in identity, relationships, and career choices, a process known in psychology as role experimentation. Emerging adulthood reflects the evolving cultural expectations surrounding adulthood and the dynamic process of personal transformation during...
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

2D-HELS MS Seq: A General LC-MS-Based Method for Direct and de novo Sequencing of RNA Mixtures with Different Nucleotide Modifications
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Methods for RNA Modification Mapping Using Deep Sequencing: Established and New Emerging Technologies.

Yuri Motorin1, Mark Helm2

  • 1Laboratoire IMoPA, UMR7365 National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)-Lorraine University, Biopôle, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France. Yuri.Motorin@univ-lorraine.fr.

Genes
|January 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) methods enable global mapping of RNA modifications, creating the "epitranscriptome." This review outlines techniques for identifying these modifications and their calling.

Keywords:
Next Generation SequencingRNA modificationRNA-Seqchemical treatmentdeep sequencingengineered Reverse Transcriptase enzymesepitranscriptome

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Area of Science:

  • Biological Sciences
  • Biomedical Research
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Post-transcriptional RNA modifications are crucial for cellular function.
  • Advancements in RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) have revolutionized the study of RNA modifications.
  • The concept of the "epitranscriptome" encompasses these modifications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of current techniques for mapping RNA modifications.
  • To discuss the application of these methods in modification calling.
  • To highlight the growing importance of epitranscriptomics in biological and biomedical research.

Main Methods:

  • Global scale modification mapping using RNA-Seq based techniques.
  • Modification calling based on scores derived from specific analytical methods.
  • Review of various chemical distinct RNA modification mapping techniques.

Main Results:

  • A significant number of RNA modifications are now amenable to mapping.
  • Techniques vary in accuracy and precision depending on the modification and method.
  • Modification calling provides data beyond standard transcriptome information.

Conclusions:

  • The field of epitranscriptomics is rapidly expanding due to new mapping technologies.
  • Understanding RNA modifications is essential for biological and biomedical advancements.
  • Further development of accurate and precise mapping techniques is ongoing.