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Related Concept Videos

AC Sources01:20

AC Sources

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Direct current is a flow of electric charge in only one direction and has a steady state of constant voltage in the circuit. Rectifiers, batteries, commutator-equipped generators, and fuel cells are some examples of devices that generate direct current. Nowadays, most applications use a time-varying voltage source. Alternating current is a flow of electric charge that periodically reverses direction. An alternating current is produced by an alternating emf that is generated in a power plant. If...
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Resistor in an AC Circuit01:31

Resistor in an AC Circuit

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An alternating emf or voltage source is needed to supply an alternating current (AC) to a circuit. A coil of wire rotating in a magnetic field at a constant angular speed represents such a source. It also generates a sinusoidal alternating emf and serves as an industrial alternator.
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Power in an AC Circuit01:26

Power in an AC Circuit

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In a DC circuit, the power consumed is simply the product of the DC voltage times the DC current, given in watts. However, the power consumed for AC circuits with reactive components is calculated differently. Since electrical power is the "rate" at which energy is used in a circuit, all electrical and electronic components and devices have a safe operating range for electrical power.
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
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AC Electrokinetic Phenomena Generated by Microelectrode Structures
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Liquid Crystals-Enabled AC Electrokinetics.

Chenhui Peng1, Oleg D Lavrentovich2

  • 1Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA. cpeng@memphis.edu.

Micromachines
|January 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Liquid crystal-enabled electrokinetics (LCEK) offers novel ways to manipulate matter at microscale. This approach utilizes anisotropic liquid crystal electrolytes for advanced electro-osmosis and electrophoresis applications.

Keywords:
alternating current (AC) electrokineticselectro-osmosiselectrophoresisliquid crystal

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Electrokinetics, encompassing electro-osmosis and electrophoresis, is crucial for microscale matter manipulation.
  • Traditional electrokinetics uses isotropic electrolytes, limiting its mechanisms.
  • Anisotropic liquid crystal (LC) electrolytes introduce new charge formation and electrokinetic effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the main features of liquid crystal-enabled electrokinetics (LCEK).
  • To highlight novel mechanisms arising from LC electrolytes.
  • To explore applications in microfluidics and beyond.

Main Methods:

  • Review of phenomena rooted in field-assisted charge separation and director deformation in LCs.
  • Analysis of electrokinetic effects in uniform and patterned LCs.
  • Investigation of AC electrophoresis and photoactivated swarming.

Main Results:

  • LC electrolytes enable unique spatial charge formation and electrokinetic effects.
  • Electro-osmotic and electrophoretic velocities scale quadratically with applied electric field.
  • Demonstration of particle manipulation, mixing, separation, and sorting using LCEK.

Conclusions:

  • LCEK provides advanced control over microscale dynamics.
  • This field significantly expands the possibilities of electrokinetics.
  • LCEK holds substantial promise for future microfluidic technologies, sensing, and diagnostics.