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Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
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Exhaled particles and small airways.

B Bake1, P Larsson2, G Ljungkvist2

  • 1Unit of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Respiratory Research
|January 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Exhaled particles, originating from small airways, serve as noninvasive biomarkers. Their composition, similar to lung surfactant, offers new diagnostic potential for respiratory diseases.

Keywords:
Airway closureAirway openingAlbuminDPPCExhaled particlesPOPCProteomicsSP-ASmall airwaysSurfactant

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Area of Science:

  • Respiratory Medicine
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Pulmonary Physiology

Background:

  • Exhaled droplets were initially studied for infectious disease transmission.
  • Recent focus is on exhaled particles as biomarkers, enabled by advanced analytical techniques.
  • Exhaled particles contain nonvolatile substances from the respiratory tract lining fluid.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of exhaled particles research.
  • To highlight their role as biomarkers.
  • To explore the connection between exhaled particles and small airways (<2mm diameter).

Main Methods:

  • Studying particle generation mechanisms, origin, concentration, and composition.
  • Analyzing particles <4μm generated by airway reopening during deep breaths.
  • Estimating exhaled particle mass via size-discriminating sampling and size distribution analysis.

Main Results:

  • Airway reopening during deep breaths generates particles <4μm from small airways.
  • Particle mass is primarily represented by sizes between 0.7-1.0μm.
  • Samples (nanogram to microgram) consist of lipids and proteins, similar to surfactant.

Conclusions:

  • Exhaled particles from airway reopening provide a noninvasive method to sample small airway lining fluid.
  • The biomarker potential of these particles is an emerging area of research.