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Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chemical substances interact in many different ways. Certain chemical reactions exhibit common patterns of reactivity. Due to the vast number of chemical reactions, it becomes necessary to classify them based on the observed patterns of interaction.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.

Weak Acid Solutions

Weak Acid Solutions

Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Development and Validation of Chromium Getters for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems

Development and Validation of Chromium Getters for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems

Published on: May 26, 2019

Chromium-ruthenium oxide solid solution electrocatalyst for highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction in acidic

Yichao Lin^1,2, Ziqi Tian^1,2, Linjuan Zhang³

¹Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.

Nature Communications

|January 13, 2019

Summary

A new chromium-ruthenium oxide electrocatalyst offers a low-cost, stable, and highly active solution for the oxygen evolution reaction in acidic environments, outperforming iridium-based catalysts.

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Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction

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Development and Validation of Chromium Getters for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems

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Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction

Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction

Published on: August 23, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Catalysis

Background:

Developing active, acid-stable, and low-cost electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical for electrochemical energy technologies.
Iridium-based catalysts are effective but expensive, driving the search for alternatives.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize an iridium-free, low ruthenium-content oxide electrocatalyst (Cr0.6Ru0.4O2) for the oxygen evolution reaction.
To evaluate its performance and stability in acidic conditions.
To elucidate the underlying mechanism of its enhanced catalytic activity.

Main Methods:

Metal-organic framework templating was used to synthesize Cr0.6Ru0.4O2.
Electrochemical performance was assessed using techniques like cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry in 0.5 M H2SO4.
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the reaction mechanism.

Main Results:

The synthesized Cr0.6Ru0.4O2 exhibited a record low overpotential of 178 mV at 10 mA cm-2.
The catalyst demonstrated excellent stability, maintaining performance over a 10-hour chronopotentiometry test at 10 mA cm-2.
DFT calculations indicated that chromium promotion enhances both the activity and stability of the ruthenium oxide catalyst.

Conclusions:

Cr0.6Ru0.4O2 is a highly promising, cost-effective, and stable electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction in acidic media.
The incorporation of chromium significantly improves the catalytic properties of ruthenium dioxide.
This material presents a viable alternative to iridium-based catalysts for demanding electrochemical applications.