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Holographic Collisions across a Phase Transition.

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Holography reveals that relativistic collisions deposit energy into a long-lived blob, regardless of the phase transition type. Second-order hydrodynamics accurately describes this energy deposition near the critical point.

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Area of Science:

  • High-energy physics
  • Quantum field theory
  • Gravitational holography

Background:

  • Strongly coupled gauge theories exhibit thermal phase transitions.
  • The nature of these transitions (first-order, second-order, crossover) impacts collision dynamics.
  • Understanding energy deposition in relativistic collisions is crucial for probing these theories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze relativistic collisions in strongly coupled gauge theories using holography.
  • To investigate the role of the phase transition's order on collision outcomes.
  • To compare the descriptive power of different hydrodynamic models.

Main Methods:

  • Holographic principle to connect gauge theories to gravitational systems.
  • Analysis of gravitational shock wave collisions in dual geometries.
  • Extraction of the gauge theory stress tensor from holographic data.
  • Comparison with second-order and Müller-Israel-Stewart hydrodynamics.

Main Results:

  • Energy deposition in relativistic collisions forms a long-lived, quasistatic blob at midrapidity, irrespective of the transition order.
  • This energy deposition is accurately described by second-order hydrodynamics including spatial gradients.
  • Müller-Israel-Stewart hydrodynamics provides a less accurate description.

Conclusions:

  • The observed energy deposition pattern is robust across different phase transition types near the critical point.
  • Second-order hydrodynamics offers a successful framework for describing collision dynamics in these strongly coupled systems.
  • Findings have implications for searching for the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) critical point.