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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.6K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

54.9K
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

2.0K
Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...
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Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors
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Solid tumor screening recommendations in trisomy 18.

Shannon G Farmakis1, Ann M Barnes2, John C Carey3

  • 1Department of Radiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine and SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri.

American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A
|January 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Patients with trisomy 18 have a higher risk of developing tumors, including hepatoblastomas and Wilms tumors. Early tumor screening is recommended for these individuals.

Keywords:
Wilms tumorhepatoblastomariskscreeningtrisomy 18

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Medical Genetics

Background:

  • Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) is a genetic disorder associated with developmental abnormalities.
  • The association between trisomy 18 and increased cancer risk is not well-established.
  • Formal tumor screening guidelines for trisomy 18 patients are lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the risk of tumor development in patients with trisomy 18.
  • To determine the need for formal tumor screening recommendations in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of trisomy 18 patients with documented malignancies.
  • Compilation of previously reported and new unreported cases of tumors in trisomy 18.
  • Analysis of tumor types and patient demographics.

Main Results:

  • Sixty-seven cases of malignancies were identified in patients with trisomy 18.
  • Hepatoblastomas (44 cases) and Wilms tumors (21 cases) were the most common malignancies.
  • Other reported tumors included neuroblastoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support an increased risk of malignancy in trisomy 18 patients.
  • Early and systematic tumor screening is indicated for individuals with trisomy 18.
  • Specific screening protocols involving imaging and laboratory tests at defined intervals are proposed.