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Related Concept Videos

Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible01:08

Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible

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An exchange reaction is a chemical reaction in which both synthesis and decomposition occur, chemical bonds are both formed and broken, and chemical energy is absorbed, stored, and released.
A special kind of exchange reaction is the oxidation-reduction reaction, or the redox reaction. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another. The electrons in these reactions commonly come from hydrogen atoms, which consist of an electron and a proton. A molecule gives up a...
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Social Exchange Theory02:06

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We have discussed why we form relationships, what attracts us to others, and different types of love. But what determines whether we are satisfied with and stay in a relationship? One theory that provides an explanation is social exchange theory. According to social exchange theory, we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003).
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Social Exchange Theory01:26

Social Exchange Theory

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As formulated by John Thibaut and Harold Kelley, Social Exchange Theory explains human relationships as economic-like exchanges that maximize rewards and minimize costs. This theory suggests that individuals engage in relationships to gain benefits and reduce burdens, similar to economic transactions. It has been widely applied to various types of relationships, including romantic, professional, and social interactions.Rewards and Costs in RelationshipsRelationship rewards include emotional...
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Gas Exchange and Transport01:20

Gas Exchange and Transport

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Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.
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Capillary Exchange01:28

Capillary Exchange

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The cardiovascular system's chief role is to disseminate gases, nutrients, waste, and other substances to the body's cells. Small molecules like gases, lipids, and lipid-soluble substances directly diffuse through capillary wall endothelial cell membranes. Glucose, amino acids, and ions, including sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, use transporters for facilitated diffusion via membrane-specific channels. Glucose, ions, and bigger molecules may also pass through intercellular...
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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR SSTD NMR: A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes
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Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR SSTD NMR: A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes

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Chemical Exchange.

Arthur G Palmer1, Hans Koss1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.

Methods in Enzymology
|January 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy reveals biomolecular dynamics via chemical exchange. Advanced theories improve analysis of complex systems and multi-state exchange processes.

Keywords:
Bloch–McConnellDynamicsKineticsNMR spectroscopySpin relaxation

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Area of Science:

  • Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy
  • Chemical Kinetics
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • NMR spectroscopy characterizes time-dependent biomolecular functions like folding and catalysis.
  • Advanced NMR methods quantify kinetics and thermodynamics of low-population states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current theories of chemical exchange in NMR.
  • To focus on multi-state exchange kinetics and distinguishability.

Main Methods:

  • Survey of theoretical aspects for ZZ-exchange, Hahn and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) spin-echo, and R1ρ, chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST), and dark state saturation transfer (DEST) experiments.
  • Emphasis on theoretical results for kinetic topologies with more than two interconverting states.

Main Results:

  • Development of compact analytical forms for data analysis.
  • Establishment of conditions for distinguishing alternative kinetic schemes.

Conclusions:

  • Theoretical advances are crucial for applying advanced NMR techniques to complex biomolecular systems.
  • The review provides a theoretical framework for analyzing multi-state chemical exchange in NMR spectroscopy.